Dr. Kashis Gour
One of the earliest known human diseases is tuberculosis. Despite the fact that it still accounts for two million deaths annually, it remains one of the leading causes of death. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread via aerosol droplets deposited on the alveolar surfaces of the lungs, the primary manifestation of TB is pulmonary disease, which affects bone, the nervous system, and many other organ systems. From this point on, the disease can progress in a number of different directions, most of which are determined by how the immune system of the host responds. Extrinsic factors, such as insults to the immune system and the host's nutritional and physiological state, as well as intrinsic factors, such as the immune system's genetics, influence this response's efficacy. Since some M. tuberculosis strains are said to be more virulent than others, as measured by increased transmissibility and a higher incidence of both morbidity and mortality in infected individuals, the pathogen may also play a role in disease progression. There is more TB than ever before, necessitating the development of new vaccines and drugs as well as more precise and speedy diagnostics, despite the widespread use of several antibiotics and an attenuated live vaccine. In order to identify M. tuberculosis targets that will aid in the development of these urgently required anti-tubercular agents, researchers are utilizing information gleaned from the complete sequence of the M. tuberculosis genome as well as new genetic and physiological techniques. Emerging pathogens known as environmental mycobacteria are responsible for opportunistic infections in both animals and humans. Human-mycobacterial interactions have a wide range of health effects that are likely much more complex than currently understood. Municipal water contains environmental mycobacteria that preferentially survive chlorination and use it as a vector to infect humans. Boundless chlorination of water has likely chosen more safe ecological mycobacteria species and possibly makes sense of the shift from M. scrofulaceum to M. avium as a reason for cervical lymphadenitis in kids. As a result, mycobacterial ecology has been impacted by human activity. Despite the fact that environmental mycobacteria's unique cell wall architecture confers high biocide and antibiotic resistance and their hydrophobicity facilitates nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and aerosolization, environmental mycobacteria's slow growth and hydrophobicity appear to be disadvantages. Environmental mycobacteria are major human pathogens due to their remarkable stress tolerance. Mycobacteria from the environment invade protozoa and exhibit parasitic and symbiotic relationships. Animals' molecular mechanisms for mycobacterial intracellular pathogenesis likely originated from protozoan survival mechanisms. Environmental mycobacteria may also play a role in allergies, chronic bowl diseases, immunity to other pulmonary infections, and the effectiveness of the Calmette-Guerin vaccine.
KeywordsMycobacterium tuberculosis; Pathogens; Immune system; Organ systems; Vaccination
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